Pituitary hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas treated with gamma knife radiosurgery: incidence, risk factors and prognosis

Fu, Junyi; Li, Yanli; Wu, Lisha; Yang, Xin; Quan, Tingting; Li, Xi; Zeng, Jiamin; Deng, Yinhui; Yu, Jinxiu

doi:10.7150/jca.52349

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J Cancer 2021; 12(5):1365-1372. doi:10.7150/jca.52349 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Pituitary hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas treated with gamma knife radiosurgery: incidence, risk factors and prognosis

Junyi Fu^1*, Yanli Li^2*, Lisha Wu^3*, Xin Yang^4*, Tingting Quan⁵, Xi Li⁶, Jiamin Zeng⁷, Yinhui Deng⁸, Jinxiu Yu^8✉

1. Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. 510260.
2. Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. 510260.
3. Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. 510120.
4. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. 510260.
5. Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510060.
6. Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. 510260.
7. Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. 510260.
8. Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. 510260.
*These authors contributed equally to this work.

Citation:

Fu J, Li Y, Wu L, Yang X, Quan T, Li X, Zeng J, Deng Y, Yu J. Pituitary hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas treated with gamma knife radiosurgery: incidence, risk factors and prognosis. J Cancer 2021; 12(5):1365-1372. doi:10.7150/jca.52349. https://www.jcancer.org/v12p1365.htm

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Abstract

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the incidence, risk factors and prognosis of pituitary hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas treated with gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS).

Methods and materials: Between December 1993 and December 2016, 751 consecutive pituitary adenoma patients treated with GKRS were retrospectively reviewed in a single center. There were 271 male (36.1%) and 480 female (63.9%) patients with a median age of 38.5 (range, 7.2-84.0) years. The number of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) and functioning pituitary adenomas were 369 (49.1%) and 382 (50.9%) respectively. The median follow-up time was 61.1 (range, 12.1-304.4) months.

Results: In this study, 88 patients (11.7%) were diagnosed with pituitary hemorrhage before GKRS, 55 patients (7.3%) developed new or worsened pituitary hemorrhage after GKRS (excluding 3 patients with new or worsened pituitary hemorrhage due to tumor regrowth). The median time to new or worsened pituitary hemorrhage after GKRS was 18.9 (range 3.1-70.7) months. Overall, 128 patients (17.0%) were diagnosed with pituitary hemorrhage in the entire series. After adjustment with logistic regression, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) (odds ratio [OR]=2.121, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.195-3.763, p=0.010) and suprasellar extension (OR=2.470, 95% CI=1.361-4.482, p=0.003) were associated with pituitary hemorrhage before GKRS. NFPA (OR=3.271, 95% CI=1.278-8.373, p=0.013) was associated with new or worsened pituitary hemorrhage after GKRS. Five patients received surgical resection for new or worsened pituitary hemorrhage were considered as GKRS treatment failure. Two patients with new hypopituitarism were considered to be owed to new or worsened pituitary hemorrhage after GKRS.

Conclusions: New or worsened pituitary hemorrhage after GKRS was not an uncommon phenomenon. NFPA was an independent risk factor of new or worsened pituitary hemorrhage after GKRS. New or worsened pituitary hemorrhage after GKRS could lead to GKRS treatment failure. GKRS might be a precipitating factor of pituitary hemorrhage.

Keywords: gamma knife, radiosurgery, pituitary apoplexy, pituitary hemorrhage, pituitary adenoma

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APA

Fu, J., Li, Y., Wu, L., Yang, X., Quan, T., Li, X., Zeng, J., Deng, Y., Yu, J. (2021). Pituitary hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas treated with gamma knife radiosurgery: incidence, risk factors and prognosis. Journal of Cancer, 12(5), 1365-1372. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.52349.

ACS

Fu, J.; Li, Y.; Wu, L.; Yang, X.; Quan, T.; Li, X.; Zeng, J.; Deng, Y.; Yu, J. Pituitary hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas treated with gamma knife radiosurgery: incidence, risk factors and prognosis. J. Cancer 2021, 12 (5), 1365-1372. DOI: 10.7150/jca.52349.

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CSE

Fu J, Li Y, Wu L, Yang X, Quan T, Li X, Zeng J, Deng Y, Yu J. 2021. Pituitary hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas treated with gamma knife radiosurgery: incidence, risk factors and prognosis. J Cancer. 12(5):1365-1372.

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