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J Cancer 2024; 15(13):4128-4142. doi:10.7150/jca.95709 This issue Cite

Review

Exosomes in Bone Cancer: Unveiling their Vital Role in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Advancements

Subhrojyoti Ghosh^1#, Atharva Anand Mahajan^2#, Anuvab Dey^3#, Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran^4#, Ankita Chowdhury⁵, Sushmita Sen⁵, Subhobrata Paul⁵, Sourav Majhi⁵, Chae Moon Hong^4,7, Prakash Gangadaran^4,8✉, Byeong-Cheol Ahn^4,7,8✉, Anand Krishnan^6✉

1. Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
2. Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India.
3. Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
4. Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
5. Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India.
6. Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
7. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
8. BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
#Equal Contribution.

✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Prakash Gangadaran, Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea. Email: prakashgac.kr. Prof. Byeong-Cheol Ahn, Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea. Email: abc2000ac.kr. Dr. Krishnan Anand, Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa. Email: Krishnana1ac.za. More

Abstract

Bone cancer among adolescents and children exhibits varying survival outcomes based on disease state. While localized bone cancer cases have a survival rate exceeding 70%, metastatic, refractory, and recurrent forms are associated with significantly poorer prognoses. Initially believed to be mere vehicles for cellular waste disposal, exosomes are now recognized as extracellular vesicles facilitating intercellular communication. These vesicles influence cellular behaviors by transporting various biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, and lipids, among cells. The role of exosomes in regulating the progression of bone cancer is increasingly evident, impacting critical processes like tumorigenesis, proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and drug resistance. Current research underscores the substantial potential of exosomes in promoting the progression and development of bone cancer. This review delves into the complex process of exosome biogenesis, the variety of cell-derived exosome sources, and their applications in drug delivery and therapeutics. It also examines ongoing clinical trials focused on exosome cargo levels and discusses the challenges and future directions in exosome research. Unlike costly and invasive traditional diagnostic methods, exosomal biomarkers offer a non-invasive, cost-effective, and readily accessible routine screening through simple fluid collection that aims to inspire researchers to investigate the potential of exosomes for cancer theragnostic. Through comprehensive exploration of these areas, the review seeks to enhance understanding and foster innovative solutions to cancer biology in the near future.

Keywords: Exosomes, Bone cancer, Tumor microenvironment, Biomarkers, Liquid biopsy, Precision medicine, Extracellular vesicles

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