ISSN: 1837-9664Journal of Cancer
Global reach, higher impact
J Cancer 2024; 15(11):3547-3565. doi:10.7150/jca.94194 This issue Cite
Research Paper
Exploring the role of innate immunity in Cholangiocarcinoma: implications for prognosis, immune infiltration, and tumor metastasis
1. The first Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
2. Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
3. MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
*These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
The innate immune system serves as the body's primary physiological defense against the intrusion of pathogenic microorganisms, playing a pivotal role in restricting viral infections. However, current research on the interplay between innate immune pathways and cancer is limited, with reported effects often inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between innate immune pathways and tumors through an amalgamation of bioinformatics and extensive data analysis. Conducting a pan-cancer analysis encompassing expression, genomic alterations, and clinical prognosis, we identified a close association between the innate immune pathway and cholangiocarcinoma. Subsequently, our focus shifted to unraveling the role of innate immune pathway proteins in cholangiocarcinoma. TIMER database analysis showed that the innate immune pathway predominantly influences the infiltration of macrophages and B cells in cholangiocarcinoma. Additionally, gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses were performed for significantly differentially expressed genes correlated with the innate immune pathway in cholangiocarcinoma. Single-cell transcriptome analysis in cholangiocarcinoma demonstrated that genes in the innate immune pathway are primarily expressed in malignant cells, endothelial cells, monocytes and macrophages. To further validate the expression of proteins in the innate immune pathway in the tumor tissues of patients with cholangiocarcinoma, tumor tissue slices from patients with liver intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and normal tissue slices from the HPA database were analyzed. These results indicated pronounced activation of the innate immune pathway in the tumor tissues of patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Finally, proteomic data from patients with or without intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastasis were analyzed. The results revealed a significant correlation between the expression and phosphorylation of IKKε and the occurrence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastasis. These findings not only demonstrate the significance of the innate immune pathway in cholangiocarcinoma but also its potential as a prospective prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for this malignancy.
Keywords: innate immune pathway, cholangiocarcinoma, prognosis, immune cell infiltration, metastasis
Citation styles
