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J Cancer 2021; 12(18):5687-5692. doi:10.7150/jca.63159 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Treatment with Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is not associated with Increased Risk of Brain Metastasis in Patients with De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer

Takeo Fujii, MD, MPH1,2, Hasan Rehman, MD1, Su Yun Chung, MD1, Janice Shen, MD1, James Newman, MD1, Vernon Wu, MD1, Adam Hines, MD1, Elham Azimi-Nekoo, MD1, Fatima Fayyaz, MD1, Meeyoung Lee, ANP1, George Raptis, MD1, Mikala Egeblad, PhD2, Xinhua Zhu, MD, PhD1✉

1. Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, Lake Success, New York, USA
2. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA

✉ Corresponding author: Xinhua Zhu, MD, PhD, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, 450 Lakeville Road, Lake Success, New York, 11042, USA. Phone: +1-516-734-8898. Fax: +1-516-734-7688. e-mail More

Citation:
Fujii T, Rehman H, Chung SY, Shen J, Newman J, Wu V, Hines A, Azimi-Nekoo E, Fayyaz F, Lee M, Raptis G, Egeblad M, Zhu X. Treatment with Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is not associated with Increased Risk of Brain Metastasis in Patients with De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12(18):5687-5692. doi:10.7150/jca.63159. https://www.jcancer.org/v12p5687.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

Background: Survival outcome after developing brain metastasis is poor and there is an unmet need to identify factors that can promote brain metastasis. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is given to support neutrophil recovery after myelosuppressive chemotherapy to some patients. However, there is emerging evidence that neutrophils can promote metastasis, including through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), scaffolds of chromatin with enzymes expelled from neutrophils to the extracellular space. In animal models, G-CSFs can induce NETs to promote liver and lung metastasis. The primary objective of this study was to test the association between G-CSF use and the later incidence of brain metastasis.

Methods: Patients with de novo Stage IV breast cancer, without known brain metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis, were identified from electronic medical records covering the period from 1/1/2013 to 12/31/2020 at Northwell Health. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to test the association between variables of interest, including G-CSF use, and brain metastasis.

Results: A total of 78 patients were included in the final analysis. Among those 78 patients, 24 patients (30.8%) had received G-CSF along with chemotherapy at least once. In logistic regression models, G-CSF use was not a significant factor to predict brain metastasis (OR 1.89 [95%CI 1.89-5.33]; P=0.23). Interestingly, in multivariate logistic models, pulmonary embolism (PE)/deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was a significant predictive factor of brain metastasis (OR 6.74 [95%CI 1.82-25.01]; P=0.004) (38.5% vs 21.5%).

Conclusions: The use of G-CSF was not associated with increased risk of brain metastasis in patients with de novo Stage IV breast cancer. Interestingly, PE/DVT, which can be associated with elevated NETs, was associated with brain metastasis. Further studies are warranted to determine whether DVT/PE with or without elevated NETs levels in the blood, is predictive of developing brain metastasis in patients with de novo Stage IV breast cancer.

Keywords: Breast cancer, brain metastasis, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

Citation styles

APA
Fujii, T., Rehman, H., Chung, S.Y., Shen, J., Newman, J., Wu, V., Hines, A., Azimi-Nekoo, E., Fayyaz, F., Lee, M., Raptis, G., Egeblad, M., Zhu, X. (2021). Treatment with Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is not associated with Increased Risk of Brain Metastasis in Patients with De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer. Journal of Cancer, 12(18), 5687-5692. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.63159.

ACS
Fujii, T.; Rehman, H.; Chung, S.Y.; Shen, J.; Newman, J.; Wu, V.; Hines, A.; Azimi-Nekoo, E.; Fayyaz, F.; Lee, M.; Raptis, G.; Egeblad, M.; Zhu, X. Treatment with Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is not associated with Increased Risk of Brain Metastasis in Patients with De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer. J. Cancer 2021, 12 (18), 5687-5692. DOI: 10.7150/jca.63159.

NLM
Fujii T, Rehman H, Chung SY, Shen J, Newman J, Wu V, Hines A, Azimi-Nekoo E, Fayyaz F, Lee M, Raptis G, Egeblad M, Zhu X. Treatment with Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is not associated with Increased Risk of Brain Metastasis in Patients with De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12(18):5687-5692. doi:10.7150/jca.63159. https://www.jcancer.org/v12p5687.htm

CSE
Fujii T, Rehman H, Chung SY, Shen J, Newman J, Wu V, Hines A, Azimi-Nekoo E, Fayyaz F, Lee M, Raptis G, Egeblad M, Zhu X. 2021. Treatment with Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is not associated with Increased Risk of Brain Metastasis in Patients with De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer. J Cancer. 12(18):5687-5692.

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