Zinc Transporters Serve as Prognostic Predictors and their Expression Correlates with Immune Cell Infiltration in Specific Cancer: A Pan-cancer Analysis

The disruption of zinc (Zn) homeostasis has been implicated in cancer development and progression through various signaling pathways. Maintaining intracellular zinc balance is crucial in the context of cancer. Human cells rely on two families of transmembrane transporters, SLC30A/ZNT and SLC39A/ZIP, to coordinate zinc homeostasis. While some ZNTs and ZIPs have been linked to cancer progression, limited information is available regarding the expression patterns of zinc homeostasis-related genes and their potential roles in predicting prognosis and developing therapeutic strategies for specific cancers. In this study, a systematic analysis was conducted to examine the expression of all genes from the SLC30A and SLC39A families at both mRNA and protein levels across different cancers. As a result, three SLC39A genes (SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8) were found to be significantly dysregulated in specific cancers, including cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP). Moreover, the dysregulation of these genes was tightly associated with the prognosis of patients with those cancers. Furthermore, we found that the gene SLC39A8 exhibited the lowest mutation frequency in KIRP, whereas mutations in SLC39A4 were found to significantly impact overall survival (OS), disease-free (DF), and progress-free survival (PFS) in cancer patients, particularly in those with PAAD. Additionally, immune infiltration analysis revealed that SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 may function as immune regulators in cancers. This provides new insights into understanding the complex relationship between zinc homeostasis and cancer progression.


Introduction
Zn is a crucial trace element involved in various biochemical processes, and disruptions in intracellular Zn homeostasis have been associated with several pathological conditions.Previous studies have indicated the significance of Zn in antiviral activity and its role in respiratory viral infections [1], as well as its involvement in cancer development and progression [2].Dysregulated Zn levels are frequently observed in tumor tissues [3,4].It was suggested that Zn may involve in cancer progression either by directly affecting cancer cells' proliferation and viability [5] or by regulating the tumor microenvironment [6].Two major groups of proteins, ZNT (SLC30A) and ZIP (SLC39A), are involved in regulating cellular Zn homeostasis.The SLC30A family comprises ten members (SLC30A1-10) responsible for exporting Zn 2+ out of the cytoplasm, either to the extracellular environment or intracellular Ivyspring International Publisher compartments [7].In contrast, the ZIP family comprises 14 members (SLC39A1-14) that facilitate the import of Zn 2+ into the cytoplasm, leading to elevated cytosolic zinc concentrations [8].
Studies have consistently demonstrated that the expression of SLC30A/SLC39A family genes is closely linked to cancer progression.For example, differential expression of SLC30A1 and SLC30A6 has shown significant prognostic value in pancreatic cancer [9].SLC39A4 shows significant upregulation in pancreatic cancer when compared to normal pancreatic tissues and has been proposed as a novel diagnostic marker for detecting the disease [10].The knockdown of SLC39A4 in pancreatic cancer cells leads to a significant inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target [11].In lung cancer cells, silencing SLC39A4 can inhibit cell migration and enhance sensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin [8].The specific roles of SLC39A14 and SLC39A7 have also been well-documented in prostate cancer [12] and colorectal cancer cells [13], respectively, emphasizing the importance of zinc transporters in detecting specific cancers, predicting patient prognosis, and developing new anticancer therapies.
Given the critical roles of zinc transporters in cancer progression, this study aimed to systematically investigate the cancer-specific expression and prognostic value of these transporters through a pancancer analysis.The main objective was to explore the expression patterns of Zn homeostasis-related genes and their potential for predicting prognosis and developing therapeutic strategies for specific cancers.The analysis revealed that the expression of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 is tightly associated with the prognosis of LIHC, CESC, PAAD, and KIRP, respectively.Additionally, the mutation analysis indicated that mutations in the SLC39A4 gene have a significant and wide-ranging effect on DF, OS, and PFS in cancer patients, particularly in those with PAAD.Notably, SLC39A4 was also identified as a potential immunomodulator in PAAD due to its strong correlation with immune cell infiltration in this cancer type.

Expression and prognostic value analysis of SLC30A/ SLC39A family genes in tumor tissues and cancer cell lines
The TissueNexus database, which integrates RNA-seq data from 52,087 samples of 49 human tissues/cell lines, was employed to analyze the expression of SLC30A and SLC39A family genes across 49 tissues/cell lines [14].This allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the expression patterns of SLC30A and SLC39A genes.To investigate the differential expression of these genes and their prognostic value in specific cancers, GEPIA online tool was employed.GEPIA provides a user-friendly interface for analyzing gene expression data and examining its correlation with patient survival.Additionally, the correlation between gene expression and patient survival was also verified through the UCSC Xena database, which contains comprehensive datasets for gene expression and clinical information.
To further analyze the RNA-level expression of SLC30A and SLC39A family genes, the ALCAN database was utilized.To validate the survival curve, the standardized expression profile of pan-cancer in the UCSC Xena database and the corresponding clinical data were used.The standardized expression profile and clinical data of pancancer from the UCSC Xena data frame was downloaded.Tidyverse package was used to integrate the data, survminer and survival package were downloaded to make survival curves, and ggsurvplot package in R was used for data visualization.

Biological functions investigation of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
The LinkedOmics database was utilized to investigate the co-expression genes associated with SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8.The LinkedOmics database integrates clinical data from 32 cancers and includes information from 11,158 patients [15].To gain further insights into the biological functions of these co-expression genes, the GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses was performed through the DAVID database.

Genomic alterations of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 in cancers
The mutation status of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 in various cancers and the impact of these mutations on clinical outcomes was analyzed by utilizing the cBioPortal database.The cBioPortal is a widely used web-based platform that allows for the exploration and analysis of cancer genomics data and provides valuable information on the genetic landscape of these zinc transporter genes in cancer and their potential impact on patient prognosis.

Association analysis of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 expression with immune cell infiltration in cancers
The TIMER database allows for the assessment of immune cell infiltration and the correlation with gene expression profiles in different cancer types, and was utilized to explore the correlations between the expression of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 genes and immune cell infiltration in various cancers.

qRT-PCR analysis
The differential expression of SLC39A1 and SLC39A4 in related normal cells and tumor cells was further evaluated by qRT-PCR.TRIzol was used to extract the total RNA.They were fluorescently stained with SYBR dye, and GAPDH was employed as the internal control.In addition, the expression of SLC39A4 was examined at the RNA level in para-cancerous and tumor tissues of pancreatic cancer patients.Human tissue samples were provided by the Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital under an approved protocol by the local medical ethics committee (2023-068).All patients were required to provide written informed consent.The following are the primers sequences: SLC39A1: Forward: 5'-GCTGT TGCAGAGCCACCTTA-3', Reverse: 5'-CATGCCC TCTAGCACAGACTG-3', SLC39A4: Forward: 5'-TGG TCTCTACGTGGCACTC-3', Reverse: 5'-GGGTCC CGTACTTTCAACATC-3', GAPDH: Forward: 5'-AA CGGATTTGGTCGTATTGG-3', Reverse: 5'-TTGATTT TGGAGGGATCTCG-3'.

Statistical analysis
Statistical differences between two groups were tested using the unpaired two-tailed t-test in Microsoft Excel.Statistical differences between more than two groups were tested using single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post-hoc HSD test.Differences were considered significant with a p-value < 0.05.Figures were prepared with GraphPad Prism 6 and are given as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD).

Expression of SLC30A and SLC39A family genes in human tissues and cell lines
To investigate the tissue specificity of SLC30A and SLC39A family gene expression, we utilized the TissueNexus database.The analysis revealed that several genes within the SLC30A and SLC39A families, namely SLC30A1, SLC30A5, SLC30A6, SLC30A7, SLC30A9, SLC39A1, SLC39A3, SLC39A7, SLC39A9, SLC39A10, SLC39A11, SLC39A13, and SLC39A14, exhibit widespread expression in various tissues and cell lines such as the brain, intestine, liver, bladder, lung, pancreas, kidney, prostate, and breast (Figure 1).Conversely, SLC30A3, SLC30A4, SLC30A10, SLC39A2, and SLC39A5 show limited or relatively low expression levels across most analyzed tissues and cell lines.Notably, our findings indicate that SLC30A4 displays specific high expression in the prostate, while SLC39A2 is exclusively expressed in the intestine (Figure 1), suggesting potential tissue-specific expression patterns for SLC30A4 and SLC39A2.However, it should be mentioned that SLC30A2, SLC30A8, and SLC39A12 were not included in this analysis due to unavailable information in the TissueNexus database.

Prognostic value assessment of SLC30A and SLC39A family genes in pan-cancer
Subsequently, we evaluated the prognostic value of differentially expressed genes from the SLC30A and SLC39A families in the respective cancers.Initially, we analyzed the association between overall survival (OS) and the expression of SLC30A and SLC39A family genes across the 33 types of cancers.Notably, we observed a significant association between OS and the expression of SLC39A1 in LIHC, SLC39A4 in CESC and PAAD, and SLC39A8 in KIRP.As depicted in Figure 2A, we performed a prognosis analysis of the SLC30A and SLC39A protein families in clinical patients using the GEPIA online tool.The results indicated that high expression of SLC39A1 in LIHC (p=0.0042),high expression of SLC39A4 in CESC (p=0.035) and PAAD (p=0.021),however low expression of SLC39A8 in KIRP (p=0.0025), were associated with lower overall survival rates.These findings suggest the potential of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 as prognostic markers for LIHC, CESC/PAAD, and KIRP, respectively.To further validate the correlation between the expression levels of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 and overall survival in LIHC, CESC/PAAD, and KIRP patients, we conducted Kaplan-Meier analysis using patient cohorts obtained from the TCGA database.Patient information is displayed in Supplementary Table S1.The results (Figure 2B) were consistent with the previous analyses, demonstrating that high levels of SLC39A1 and SLC39A4 predicted poor overall survival in LIHC (p = 0.0016) and CESC (p = 0.064)/PAAD (p = 0.021), respectively, while high levels of SLC39A8 predicted favorable overall survival in KIRP (p = 0.001).

The differential expression of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 in normal and tumoral cell/tissues were validated using different data sources and laboratory experiments
Based on the above findings, we further validated the expression of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 in LIHC, CESC/PAAD, and KIRP using different data resources.The results (Figure 2C) demonstrated that SLC39A1 was highly expressed in LIHC patients, SLC39A4 was highly expressed in CESC and PAAD patients, and SLC39A8 was highly expressed in KIRP patients.Additionally, the mRNA expression of these genes was analyzed using the UALCAN database, which corroborated the protein-level expression analyses (Figure 2D).
Moreover, we conducted quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses to corroborate the discernible variations in the expression of SLC39A1 within liver cancer cells (including primary human hepatocytes L-O2, HuH7, and LM3) and SLC39A4 in pancreatic cancer cells (comprising human pancreatic duct epithelial cell line H6c7, PANC-1, and SW1990).Additionally, the expression levels of SLC39A4 in paracancerous and tumorous tissues derived from pancreatic cancer patients were (Table 1) meticulously authenticated.Our findings, as illustrated in Figure 2E, unequivocally demonstrate that SLC39A1 exhibits significantly elevated expression in liver cancer cells compared to normal liver cells.Simultaneously, SLC39A4 manifests a notable upregulation in both pancreatic cancer cells and associated tissues.These results substantially reinforce the validity of our earlier observations.

Genetic alteration analysis of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 genes in specific cancer
In light of the aberrant expression and significant roles played by SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 genes in specific cancers, as well as the link between genetic alterations and cancer development, we further investigated the genetic alterations of these genes using the cBioPortal database.The analysis revealed that the mutation frequencies of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 in pan-cancer patients were 4%, 6%, and 0.9%, respectively (Figure 2A).The primary types of genetic alterations observed for the genes SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 were amplification, missense mutation, and deep deletion.Notably, the genetic alteration rate of SLC39A1 in LIHC reached 11%, while the rates of SLC39A4 in CESC and PAAD were 3% and 10%, respectively, primarily characterized by amplification.Conversely, SLC39A8 exhibited the lowest genetic alteration rate in KIRP, at only 1.1%, predominantly with missense mutations (Figure 2B).
We further analyzed the correlation between specific genetic alterations of these genes and patients' prognosis in pan-cancer.According to the Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis, among the 33 types of cancers examined, genetic mutation of SLC39A1 was not found to have a significant association with prognosis of cancer patients (Supplementary Figure S4A).However, genetic mutation of SLC39A4 had a significant impact on DFS and PFS in cancer patients (p-values: 2.718e-6 and 7.562e-4, respectively) (Supplementary Figure S4B).Additionally, genetic alteration of SLC39A8 was closely correlated with OS in cancer patients (p-value: 0.0298) (Supplementary Figure S4C).Specifically, in LIHC, genetic mutation of SLC39A1 showed no significant correlation with patients' prognosis (Figure 2C).However, mutations in SLC39A4 had a significant effect on the OS, DFS, and PFS of PAAD patients, although no impact was observed in patients with CESC (Figure 2D-E).Due to the extremely small sample size, the correlation between genetic alteration of SLC39A8 in KIRP and patients' prognosis could not be analyzed.These findings collectively indicate that genetic alteration of SLC39A4 in PAAD may have a certain degree of impact on the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer.

Biological function of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 in related cancers
To gain further insights into the biological functions of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 in cancers, we utilized the LinkedOmics database to analyze their co-expression profiles in LIHC, CESC/PAAD, and KIRP, respectively.As a result, we obtained 19,921 genes related to SLC39A1 in LIHC, 19,903 genes related to SLC39A4 in CESC, 19,773 genes related to SLC39A4 in PAAD, and 29,923 genes related to SLC39A8 in KIRP (Figure 3A).The heat maps in Supplementary Figure S5 display the top 50 genes that positively correlate with SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8.We performed KEGG pathway enrichment analysis using the DAVID database with the top 20 positively correlated genes (P value < 0.001).In LIHC, the co-expression genes of SLC39A1 were predominantly enriched in the Relaxin, Rap1, and FOXO signaling pathways (Figure 3B).In CESC, the genes associated with SLC39A4 were primarily enriched in the PD-L1, Thyroid hormone, and T cell receptor signaling pathways (Figure 3C).Similarly, in PAAD, the SLC39A4-related genes were enriched in the same pathways (Figure 3D).Furthermore, the genes related to SLC39A8 in KIRP were mainly involved in metabolic processes and the MAPK signaling pathway (Figure 3E).These findings indicate that SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 may play crucial roles in specific cancers by participating in various cellular processes and pathways.
However, ZIP proteins also play an important role in other cancers.ZIP1 is associated with chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer [16].It has antiproliferative effects on Prostate cancer [17] as well as effects on invasion and migration.In our study, ZIP1 serves as a potential prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma.ZIP4 acts as an important regulator of the Snail-N-cadherin signaling axis in promoting non-small cell lung cancer progression [18].It has been shown that the expression level of ZIP4 is negatively correlated with the survival rate of hepatocellular carcinoma [19].In colon cancer, high expression of ZIP4 is associated with poorer prognosis in stage I-III patients [20].In the study herein, high expression of ZIP4 was highly correlated with low OS in pancreatic cancer.It has been claimed that ZIP8 is an important regulator of neuroblastoma cell proliferation and migration [21].However, in our study, ZIP8 was also found to be a potential prognostic marker for papillary cell carcinoma of the kidney.

Correlation analyses of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 expression with immune-related biomarker and immune cell infiltration in cancers
Zn also plays a critical role in immunity as a catalytic and structural cofactor.Current studies have shown that zinc ions can regulate the function of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, and can modulate immune responses through signaling pathways such as NF-κB [22], inspiring us to investigate the associations of Zn transporters expression and immune infiltration in related cancer.To investigate the associations between the expression of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 and immune infiltration in related cancers, we utilized the TIMER database.We conducted an analysis to examine the relationship between the expression of these genes and the infiltration levels of immune cells, including B cells, CD4+/CD8+ T cells, myeloid dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils.In LIHC (Figure 4A), SLC39A1 expression showed a positive correlation with the infiltration levels of B cells (rho = 0.265, p = 5.75e-07), myeloid dendritic cells (rho = 0.415, p = 8.44e-16), and neutrophils (rho = 0.391, p = 4.44e-14).However, it was negatively correlated with the infiltration level of macrophages (rho = -0.442,p = 6.01e-18).In CESC and PAAD (Figure 5A and 6A), SLC39A4 expression was negatively correlated with the infiltration of B cells, CD4 + /CD8 + T cells, myeloid dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils.Conversely, in KIRP (Figure 7A), the expression of SLC39A8 exhibited a positive correlation with the infiltration levels of CD4 + /CD8 + T cells, myeloid dendritic cells, and neutrophils, however, it showed a negative correlation with the infiltration levels of B cells and macrophages.
[19] Colon cancer A higher expression of ZIP4 is associated with a poorer prognosis for patients with stage I-III colon cancer. [20] Pancreatic cancer A higher expression of ZIP4 is highly associated with a lower OS in pancreatic cancer.This study ZIP8 Neuroblastoma ZIP8 is an important regulator of neuroblastoma cell proliferation and migration.
[21] Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma ZIP8 serves as a potential prognostic marker in Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma.
This study

Discussion and Conclusion
This study presents an investigation into the potential role of zinc transporters, specifically the SLC39A (ZIP) and SLC30A (ZNT) families, in cancer progression, along with their potential as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.Zinc, as an essential trace element, plays a vital role in various biological activities, including structural stability, biocatalysis, and signal regulation [23,24].Maintaining zinc homeostasis within the body is of utmost importance, as both zinc deficiency and excess can have detrimental effects on human health.Among the proteins associated with zinc homeostasis, zinc transporters, including members of the SLC39A and SLC30A families, play a vital role [25].These transporters facilitate the translocation of zinc ions in different directions, thereby maintaining the delicate balance of intracellular zinc ions.Aberrant expression of zinc transporters has been implicated in cancer progression, highlighting their potential significance in this context.
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of SLC30A and SLC39A family gene expression and mutation patterns across various cancer types.Moreover, the study explored the association between the expression levels of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 and both prognosis and immune cell infiltration in respective tumors.Notably, SLC39A1 demonstrated potential prognostic value in LIHC, while SLC39A4 exhibited prognostic implications in CESC and PAAD.Clinically, liver transplantation is the only curative method and the 5-year survival rate after surgery is about 60% [26].It has been reported that the knockdown of SLC39A1 can inhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and reduce the expression of cell cycle-related proteins [27], highly suggesting the vital role of SLC39A1 in the progression of liver cancer.Besides, the previous study has shown that SLC39A4 can be a prognostic marker for CESC [28], in agreement with our analysis in this study.The expression of SLC39A4 was also linked to chemotherapeutic response in CESC.It was found that the knockdown of SLC39A4 can significantly improve the sensitivity of CESC to cisplatin treatment [27].Moreover, we found that the genetic alteration rate of SLC39A4 in PAAD is up to 10% and it is highly associated with a reduced OS in PAAD patients.This may partly explain the poor prognosis of PAAD patients.In contrast, SLC39A8 displays the lowest mutation rate in cancers compared to SLC39A1 and SLC39A4.The mutated SLC39A8 is associated with a poor OS, disease-specific survival, and DFS of KIRP patients, indicating that the mutated SLC39A8 may contribute to the increased mortality of this disease.
It was previously reported that in plants, SLC39A1 (ZIP1) acts as an immune signal peptide that activates cysteine proteases (PLCPs) to trigger the plant immune system and enhance plant resistance to pathogens [29].SLC39A8 was found to be specifically upregulated in CD4 + T cells that infiltrate inflamed joints.The deficiency of SLC39A8 in CD4 + T cells resulted in the abolishment of collagen-induced arthritis [30], suggesting a critical role for SLC39A8 in the development or progression of this autoimmune disease.This study revealed intricate relationships between the expression of zinc transporters and immune cell infiltration.For instance, SLC39A1 and SLC39A8 expression positively correlated with the infiltration of CD4 + T cells, neutrophils, and myeloid dendritic cells, along with the expression or release of immunosuppressants and activators.Conversely, SLC39A4 expression in CESC and PAAD exhibited negative associations with the infiltration of CD4 + /CD8 + T cells, B cells, myeloid dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages.Notably, prior studies have reported the involvement of SLC39A4 mutations, resulting in zinc deficiency and immune dysfunction [31].Therefore, a comprehensive investigation is warranted to comprehend the precise mechanisms by which zinc transporters modulate immune responses and the tumor microenvironment during cancer progression.The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses conducted in our study demonstrated the enrichment of zinc transporter-related genes in various biological processes, including cell metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and other essential processes.These findings are consistent with previous studies that have highlighted the importance of zinc transporters in these cellular processes [27,32,33].
However, additional pathological conditions afflicting patients may exert a substantial influence on the expression of zinc transporters.The human brain, being the organ with the highest zinc content, is particularly susceptible to perturbations in zinc concentration.An elevation in zinc levels within the brain can lead to neurotoxicity, while zinc deficiency is associated with various pathological manifestations, including malformations within the central nervous system.Investigation into postmortem brain tissues of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) revealed heightened mRNA levels of the Zn 2+ transporter protein ZIP1 [34].Such alterations in expression may not only reflect but also potentially contribute to modifications in cortical Zn 2+ distribution in AD.Besides, studies have demonstrated that mutations in SLC39A4/ZIP4 result in acrodermatitis enteropathica.Certain mutations in mouse ZIP4, induced by acrodermatitis enteropathica, have been observed to impede plasma membrane transport.In specific mutants, ZIP4 to accumulate in the apical membrane, where diminished zinc uptake activity is evident due to a reduction in Vmax uptake [35].The indispensability of ZIP8 for the maintenance of normal liver function is underscored by findings indicating that moderate or acute reductions in ZIP8 activity induce pathological changes in the liver [36].Notably, the Zn 2+ transporter protein ZIP8 exhibits specific upregulation in chondrocytes associated with osteoarthritis (OA), leading to heightened intracellular Zn 2+ levels.This ZIP8-mediated Zn 2+ efflux subsequently triggers an upregulation of chondrocyte matrix-degrading enzyme expression [37].Therefore, when exploring the relationship between zinc transporter expression and certain cancers, other diseases that may significantly affect zinc transporter expression should be better considered.
In conclusion, this study underscores the potential significance of zinc transporters, particularly SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8, as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in various cancers.However, further validation and in-depth research are imperative to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of dysregulated zinc transporter expression in cancer.While this study provides valuable insights into the roles of zinc transporters in cancer, it is important to acknowledge its limitations, including the need for explicit exploration of the correlation between zinc ion concentration and zinc transporters in specific cancer types, as well as further validation of the observed associations using larger sample sizes and additional experimental and clinical investigations.Nonetheless, the findings underscore the potential of zinc transporters, particularly SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8, as promising prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in the field of oncology.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Biological function enrichment of SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and SLC39A8 genes in corresponding cancers.(A) Volcano map of co-expressed profiling of SLC39A1 in LIHC, SLC39A4 in CESC/PAAD and SLC39A8 in KIRP by the LinkedOmics database.(B) GO/KEGG analysis of genes co-expressed with SLC39A1 in LIHC.(C) GO/KEGG analysis of genes co-expressed with SLC39A4 in CESC.(D) GO/KEGG analysis of genes co-expressed with SLC39A4 in PAAD.(E) GO/KEGG analysis of genes co-expressed with SLC39A8 in KIRP.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (A) Correlation between SLC39A1 expression and the abundance of tumor infiltrating immune cells in LIHC available from the TIMER2.0database.Correlation between SLC39A1 expression and immunostimulators (B) and immunoinhibitors (C) in LIHC.Correlation between SLC39A1 expression and chemokines (D) and chemokine receptors (E) in LIHC.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.(A) Correlation between SLC39A4 expression and the abundance of tumor infiltrating immune cells in CESC available from the TIMER2.0database.Correlation between SLC39A4 expression and immune-stimulators (B) and immune-inhibitors (C) in CESC.Correlation between SLC39A4 expression and chemokines (D) and chemokine receptors (E) in CESC.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. (A) Correlation between SLC39A4 expression and the abundance of tumor infiltrating immune cells in LIHC available from the TIMER2.0database.Correlation between SLC39A4 expression and immune-stimulators (B) and immune-inhibitors (C) in PAAD.Correlation between SLC39A4 expression and chemokines (D) and chemokine receptors (E) in PAAD.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. (A) Correlation between SLC39A8 expression and the abundance of tumor infiltrating immune cells in LIHC available from the TIMER2.0database.Correlation between SLC39A8 expression and immune-stimulators (B) and immune-inhibitors (C) in KIRP.Correlation between SLC39A8 expression and chemokines (D) and chemokine receptors (E) in KIRP.